Reported Speech

REPORTED  SPEECH

Reported speech or indirect speech is a way of expressing what the other person (speaker) has said Directly (direct / quoted speech) in the form of statements, questions, or greeting another by changing the format of the talks so that it Becomes more clear , natural, and efficient for the listener. Reported speech consists of two kinds: Direct and Indirect speech speech.

Changes tenses in Reported Speech
In Reported speech, there was a change of tenses. So we do not just use regular expressions by simply changing the subject. Take a look at the previous example, there is a sentence I need a paper, then Reported speech is My father said that He needed a paper, where the need turns into needed. Immediately tenses in the sentence be converted into a more past tenses. Present tense> Past tense> Past Perfect tense.
Neither is the case with the form of future tenses.
Simple Future tense> Future Past tense> Past Future Perfect tense.
ex:
1. My mother said to me: "Your English teacher warned me last night." (Past tense)
My mother said to me that my English teacher had warned her the night before. (Past perfect tense)
2. Ronaldo said, "My family and I will come from Portugal." (Simple Future)
Ronaldo said that his family and him would come from Portugal. (Past Future)

Changes pronouns
And possessive pronouns change Depending on the sabjek and objects used in direct speech (direct speech) that would Affect pronoun changes in indirect speech (sentences indirectly).
ex:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
01 He said, 'I am busy. "He said that he was busy.
02 She said, 'I am unwell.' She said that she was unwell.

 changes of time and place (Adverbs of time and place)
Not only that, in a change from direct speech to indirect speech adverbs also affects especially the adverb of time (time information) and an adverb of place (place description).
Ex:
1. Direct: He asked me, "Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?
Indirect: He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
2. Direct: He ordered / commanded me, "Bring my bag here now!"
indirect: He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.

References

1.      http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/2014/04/pengertian-dan-contoh-reported-speech-dalam-bahasa-inggris.html

2.      http://www.belajarbahasainggris.us/2012/04/penjelasan-direct-dan-indirect-speech.html

3.      http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-indirect-reported-speech

4.      http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-indirect-reported-speech

5.      http://www.belajarbahasainggrisku.com/2015/05/penjelasan-tentang-reported-speech-lengkap.html

REPORTED SPEECH

Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.

Statements

When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

• pronouns
• present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
• place and time expressions
• tenses (backshift)

Type	Example
direct speech	“I speak English.”
reported speech      (no backshift)	He says that he speaks English.
reported speech (backshift)	He said that he spoke English.

Questions

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

• pronouns
• present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
• place and time expressions
• tenses (backshift)

Also note that you have to:

• transform the question into an indirect question
• use the interrogative or if / whether

Type		Example
with interrogative	direct speech	“Why don’t you speak English?”
	reported speech	He asked me why I didn’t speak English.
without interrogative	direct speech	“Do you speak English?”
	reported speech	He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

 

Requests

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

• pronouns
• place and time expressions

Type	Example
direct speech	“Carol, speak English.“
reported speech	He told Carol to speak English.

 

Additional Information and Exeptions

Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects that you should keep in mind, for example:

• main clauses connected with and / but
• tense of the introductory clause
• reported speech for difficult tenses
• exeptions for backshift
• requests with must, should, ought to and let’s

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech

Elliptical Sentence

ELLIPTICAL SENTENCE

Elliptical Sentence is a combination of two different sentences but predicates the same subject, and used to avoid repetition. The purpose of the establishment of an elliptical sentence which is to deliver a statement in a simple and at the same time avoid repeating the same sentence elements.
There are two types of merger or elliptical sentence construction is known today, namely:

·        
1. Merger equivalent Elliptical Sentence
Elliptical constuction with similar types of incorporation using the conjunction "and". Elliptica type of construction which one is divided into two types:
The pattern of the sentence:
Positives:
.... (+) ...., And + subject + auxiliary + too
.... (+) ...., And + so + auxiliary + subject
ex:

1.      My mother Gave me beautiful clothes as my birthday present.

2.      My auntgave me beautiful clothes as my birthday present
combined into
My mother Gave me beautiful clothes as my birthday present, and so did my aunt.
Or
My mother Gave me beautiful clothes as my birthday present, and my aunt did too.
negative:
The pattern of the sentence:
.... (-) ...., And + subject + auxiliary + not + either
.... (-) ...., And + Neither + auxiliary + subject

ex:
1. I do not like coffee
2. Susi does not like coffee

combined into
    I do not like coffee and Neither does Susi or I do not like coffee and Susi does not either

2. Merger opposite Elliptical Sentence
The pattern of the sentence:
.... (+) ...., But + subject + auxiliary + not
.... (+) ...., But + subject + auxiliary
ex:

1.      He does not work hard | he does not work hard

2.      I work hard | I worked hard
combined into
He does not work hard, but I do

Referense        :

1.      http://mahirbahasainggris.com/elliptical-sentence-dalam-bahasa-inggris/

2.      http://www.sekolahbahasainggris.com/elliptical-sentence-pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat/

3.      http://freeenglishcourse.info/elliptical-sentence-pengertian-contoh-bahasa-inggris/